Post harvest technology is one of the most crucial aspects of agriculture, often deciding whether farmers enjoy profits or face losses.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), developing countries lose 20–40% of fruits and vegetables post-harvest due to improper handling, storage, and transportation.
This article takes a deep dive into the concept, importance, systems, and practical applications of post-harvest technology, with real-world examples, actionable insights, and resources for students preparing for exams, research, and professional practice.
Understanding Post Harvest Technology
Post-harvest technology refers to the set of methods, processes, and equipment applied to agricultural produce immediately after harvest to maintain quality, extend shelf life, and reduce losses.
Key Points:
- Pre-harvest vs. Post-harvest: Pre-harvest activities involve cultivation, irrigation, and pest management, while post-harvest deals with storage, handling, and processing.
- It covers steps like cleaning, sorting, grading, packaging, cooling, and transportation.
- Agriculture post-harvest tech integrates biology, engineering, and food science.
Example: India’s adoption of Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage for apples in Himachal Pradesh reduced spoilage losses by 30% and improved export competitiveness.
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Importance of Post-Harvest Technology in Agriculture
Why It Matters:
- Food Security: Reduces wastage and ensures year-round supply.
- Economic Growth: Enhances farmer profits through value addition.
- Global Competitiveness: Meets international standards for exports.
- Sustainability: Minimizes losses and promotes efficient resource use.
Case Study: In Andhra Pradesh, mango farmers using hot-water treatment and vapor heat technology successfully exported mangoes to Japan, avoiding quarantine issues.
“Investing in post-harvest technology is investing in food security and farmers’ prosperity.” -Dr. Ramesh Chand, NITI Aayog
Major Processes in Post-Harvest Technology
Step-by-Step Framework:
- Harvesting: Timing is critical, too early reduces quality; too late reduces shelf life.
- Cleaning & Sorting: Removal of dirt, damaged produce, and standardization.
- Grading: Uniformity in size, shape, and quality enhances market value.
- Packaging: Protects against damage and extends freshness.
- Storage: Cold storage, CA storage, or hermetic storage depending on commodity.
- Transportation: Specialized reefer vans reduce losses in perishables.
Challenges in Post-Harvest Management
Despite progress, India faces challenges:
- Inadequate infrastructure (only 10% of produce stored in cold chain)
- Lack of farmer awareness on scientific handling
- High energy costs in storage and processing
- Market fluctuations discouraging investments
Actionable Insights for Students:
- Focus on low-cost tech like solar dryers and evaporative cool chambers.
- Promote farmer producer organizations (FPOs) to share storage infrastructure.
- Integrate ICT tools for supply chain monitoring.
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Innovations and Future Opportunities
Emerging Trends in Agriculture Post-Harvest Tech:
- AI & IoT: Smart sensors for monitoring temperature and humidity.
- Nanotechnology: Edible coatings for extending fruit shelf life.
- Blockchain: Transparency in traceability and export certification.
- Biodegradable Packaging: Reducing plastic waste in supply chains.
Example: IIT Kharagpur developed a nanoparticle-based coating that increases tomato shelf life by 10 days useful for both domestic and export markets.
For Students:
- Explore projects on low-cost storage structures.
- Study government schemes like PM-Kisan Sampada Yojana for funding research.
Conclusion
Post-harvest technology is not just a technical subject. It’s a bridge between agricultural production and consumer satisfaction. By understanding its importance, processes, challenges, and innovations, BSc Agriculture students can contribute to reducing food loss, improving farmer income, and building a sustainable agricultural future for India.
Share this article with your classmates or use it as a revision guide for exams. Teachers can adapt the templates and case studies for lecture notes.
FAQs on Post-Harvest Technology
What is the difference between pre-harvest and post-harvest?
Pre-harvest involves crop cultivation and protection, while post-harvest deals with storage, handling, and processing after harvest.
Why is post-harvest technology important in India?
It reduces wastage, increases farmer income, ensures food security, and supports exports.
What are common post-harvest losses in India?
Cereals (5–10%), pulses (8–10%), fruits and vegetables (20–40%).
What are low-cost post-harvest technologies?
Solar dryers, evaporative cool chambers, and farm-level grading units.
Which government schemes support post-harvest technology?
PM-Kisan Sampada Yojana, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), and Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH).